Taking a Look at Buddhism - 856 Words

Buddhism Having 350 million followers, Buddhism developed as a Universalist south Asian conversion religion. The word â€Å"Budi† to awaken, or in Buddha’s case the awaken one or enlightened one. Its origins go back to 25 centuries years ago in Nepal and northeastern India. It’s a nontheistic religion that covers tradition and many beliefs and practices. Buddhism has grown into a variety of forms .Ranging from having emphasis on religious rituals and praying to deities or not believing in those practices at all. Lot of meditation practices is involved also. Although there are some different types of Buddhism one thing they all share is respect for the teachings of Buddha. Founded by Siddhartha Gautama when at 35 became enlightened the â€Å"awaken one†. Being born a prince royal blood, Gautama was born in the Shakaya Republic in the Himalayan foothills. He was part of Sakayas clan who his father Suddhodona was the king of. It was fore told to his father that his so n was to be a great ruler or a great holy guy. Knowing this Siddhartha’s father build three palaces and try to shield him from human suffering. But try as he might, his father failed. On a faithful day out in public Siddhartha care takers failed to clear the street all the way of suffering and Siddhartha was interested in what he had seen. He encountered an old man, A man who was dead, a homeless man in pain, and a holy man, Gautama wanted to know the suffering if these people as he asked his handlers and they explained toShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Buddhism663 Words   |  3 Pagesstudying the World religion textbook one of our chapter assigned was about Buddhism. I found the chapter very intriguing, since I am Christian that has not had much religion experiences outside of Christianity. The Buddhism chapter was very refreshing to read. I was captivated by the culture that I had to know more about it. That is why I decided to write about early Buddhism origins and prac tices in India. The word Buddhism represents â€Å"to awaken†. It emanates from two thousand five hundred yearsRead MoreTaking a Look at Buddhism1818 Words   |  8 PagesThe religion of Buddhism is one of the largest in terms of supporters, its distribution across the globe, and its social and cultural influence. It is largely considered a religion of Eastern geographic origins but is becoming more and more influential in the Western world. Buddhism is a unique major world religion and at the core of their beliefs is that the ultimate goal in a person’s life is the achievement of enlightenment. This enlightenment is not something that is written in stone, it isRead MoreBuddhism Is A Religion Of The Mind And Body More Than Anything Else1091 Words   |  5 PagesBuddhism is a religion that partakes in meditation of the mind and body more than anything else. People who looking to convert into Buddhism or is ready to take it up as a serious lifestyle they have to undertake training, rules and devotional oaths. If one is to become a monk in the religion they would have to follow the sacred text of Buddhism and in a form pledge themselves to take it step by step. The ten training percepts is an example in which I chose to further explore. 1. â€Å"I undertake toRead MoreBuddhism in Ancient Korea: The Impact1586 Words   |  6 PagesShamanism, Daoism, and Confucianism, and Buddhism. Buddhism is the religion that changed the society of Korea the most in the ancient times. As Buddhism spread in Korea, great inventions were made, the power hold of Korea started leaning the religion, and the social beliefs changed. These changes had positive results in Korea, and helped Korea to become a proud country. Just like many other religions, it has have effect and it still has effect on many cultures. Buddhism is the religion that affected ancientRead MoreThe Religion Of Islam And Buddhism1476 Words   |  6 Pages Islam and Buddhism are two of the biggest religion in the world. Around 1.5 billion of population is occupied by Islam and nearly half billion of population is occupied by Buddhism ( http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/). These two religion has different faith, belief, culture and tradition. Knowing that the use of alcohol is common in most parts of the world among different communities and tradition, it would be a great interest of knowledge to understand the facts how these two-religionRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Buddhism Plain and Simple by Steve Hagen790 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Buddhism Plain and Simple by Steve Hagen The book Buddhism Plain and Simple, by Steve Hagen, caught my attention and became more interesting to me than I thought. I have always heard of the religion Buddhism, but I never knew what it was all about. I never thought that Buddhism was as huge as it is. I knew that it existed in other countries, but I never knew what exact countries. Many of the views in this book surprised me and the book taught me a lot about morals and better waysRead MoreWhat I Learned About Buddhism Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pagesinterested in Buddhism so I was excited that it was a religion that the class was going to cover. I had little prior knowledge of Buddhism but I didn’t know the origin, important figures and important teachings but I learned that what I thought was inaccurate. This class deepened my interest of Buddhism more because I learned what it really is about and their teaching while also correcting the ideas I had of Buddhism that were wrong. One of the ideas I was wrong about Buddhism is that I thoughtRead MoreBuddhism : Religion Of Buddhism1478 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism How does Buddhism, through its teachings or practices best encourage its adherents to live out the golden rule? For this religion project I decided to look more closely into the religion of Buddhism. Buddhism is a religion that has around 300 million people world wide of all nationalities, race, sexuality and gender following and practicing its teachings. Buddhism is a path of spiritual development leading to the insight and understanding of the true nature of reality. BuddhistRead MoreThe Foundations Of Buddhism By Rupert Gethin1417 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different definitions and views of Buddhism and many of these views and definitions vary from each other. A quick internet search reveals all the different definitions of Buddhism and some of them may not even be correct or have a scholarly perspective. A five minute Google search reveals one definition which we will take a look at: †¦[T]he Buddhist path can be summed up as: (1) to lead a moral life, (2) to be mindful and aware of thoughts and actions, and (3) to develop wisdom andRead MoreBuddhism : A New Way Of Life Without Materialistic Needs Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesdivided by key things; oceans and mountains, culture and society, but most important religions and beliefs. Out of the hundreds of practices and beliefs that make part of planet earth one of the most interesting form of religious practice is Buddhism. Buddhism is the practice of finding peace within one s self by developing inner peace, wisdom and kindness. This practice dates back 2,500 years, and the founder is known as Buddha Shakyamuni. He was born a royal prince in a town called Lumbini; originally

American Health Care Systems Issues Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(142) " but it would besides let physicians to entree pertinent information needed to handle the patient in the most efficient and effectual manner\." The Ever Increasing Cost of Care. The cost of wellness attention has been on the addition for decennaries. From 1960 through 2006, wellness attention disbursement has seen an addition of 9. We will write a custom essay sample on American Health Care Systems Issues Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 9 per centum each twelvemonth, while the national Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) rose merely 7.3 per centum during the same period. Additionally, Americans are paying well more than any other developed state. In 2008 entirely, the national wellness attention measure was about $ 2.5 trillion dollars ( Johnson T. , 2010 ) . This astronomical sum was about 16 per centum of the Gross Domestic Product. In simpler footings, every adult male, adult female, and kid in the state received $ 7,680 of medical attention ; yet, 1000000s of Americans had no coverage at all ( Kimbuende, Ranji, Lundy, A ; Salganicoff, 2010 ) . In comparing, England ‘s wellness attention budget for 2009 was $ 160 billion for every English citizen ( Lyall, 2010 ) . In fact, no other industrialised state had similar outgos as the United States. President Obama admitted every bit much in a 2009 address to the American Medical Association: â€Å" Today, we are passing over $ 2 trillion a twelvemonth on wellness at tention – about 50 per centum more per individual than the following most dearly-won state † ( 2009 ) . What state was the following most dearly-won? Actually, Norway and Switzerland were the following more dearly-won states with both passing $ 4,500 per individual in 2007 ( Pearson, 2009 ) . In add-on, insurance premiums have risen well in the last decennary. Employer-provided insurance premiums rose over 130 per centum while employee rewards merely saw an approximative 30 per centum addition. Furthermore, workers have seen their part addition over 125 per centum since 1999. The people who purchase their ain insurance have a significant addition in premium monetary values every bit good. The monetary value of the mean household policy in 2009 was $ 7,102 with an extra $ 1,690 spent on out-of-pocket disbursals ( Schoen, Nicholson, A ; Rustgi, 2009 ) . Medicare and Medicaid presently account for approximately $ 750 billion dollars or 21 per centum of the national budget with Medicare having about two-thirds at $ 468 billion ( Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2010 ) . Payroll revenue enhancements were responsible for about 90 per centum of Medicare funding merely two old ages ago. Currently, Medicare is the primary insurance coverage for 45 million people. The bulk of receivers are over 65 but there are several million younger persons enrolled because of entire disablement. About 50 per centum of Medicare enrollees have at least three ongoing medical issues ; about half are besides really hapless. Ten per centum of Medicare receivers are responsible for two-thirds of the full plan ‘s disbursement ( Potetz A ; Cubanski, 2009 ) . Obviously, Medicare needs more gross come ining its system or less money go outing its system. A combination of both would give the most favourable overcome for the plan. About 60 million Americans are take parting in the Medicaid plan with an extra 16 million enrolling in the following five old ages due to the health care reform jurisprudence. In 2008, the state spent about $ 340 billion on Medicaid. Which is non surprising since Medicaid is the primary remunerator for nursing place and other long-run attention. In add-on, Medicaid pays for much of mental wellness costs. It besides provides public infirmaries with 33 per centum of their net gross. Millions of people are working because Medicaid provides support for many occupations in the community. Like Medicare, a little per centum of Medicaid patients are responsible for over 50 per centum of entire Medicaid disbursement. Yet, Medicaid has the lowest administrative costs of all insurance remunerators ( Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010 ) . Where Is All The Money Going? Hospital attention is devouring the largest per centum of wellness attention dollars. For 2008, it accounted for about 30 per centum of all wellness attention disbursement. Unsurprisingly, the cost for the mean stay of four and one-half yearss will change from one installation to another ( U.S. Department of Health A ; Human Services, 2008 ) . As an illustration, the cost for handling pneumonia can be every bit small as $ 1,900 or every bit much as about $ 16,000. Furthermore, the 30-day readmission rate was similar regardless of the cost of intervention. Similar attention should intend similar cost yet with the state ‘s infirmaries this is clearly non the instance ( Chen, Jha, A ; Guterman, 2010 ) . Doctor and clinical services are besides devouring a immense per centum at 20 per centum. Many would reason malpractice or the fright thereof is driving some of these costs. However, physicians may good be the key to harnessing in physician-related disbursals ( Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009 ) . Training on the fiscal elements of wellness attention needs to be of high precedence, such preparation will do physicians more cognizant of the cost of a peculiar class of intervention. They will besides be more willing to order a generic or cheaper drug that will supply the same consequences ( Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010 ) . At 10 per centum, prescription drug use is besides taking a big part of the wellness attention dollars. Prescription drug disbursement has been the fastest turning component of the wellness attention field. In merely 18 old ages, disbursement for prescription drugs jumped from approximately $ 40 billion yearly to $ 234 billion in 2008. For several old ages, drug shapers enjoyed the most net income of any industry. Conversely, generic drugs were one of the primary grounds that prescription drug disbursement slowed by 12 per centum from 1999 until 2005. Of all the FDA approved drugs, 80 per centum has a cheaper, generic equivalent. Because of this low-cost option, most physicians will discourse the out-of-pocket cost of medicines with their patients. Over 60 per centum of physicians switched to a less dearly-won drug and 58 per centum of doctors provided free samples to their patients ( Lundy, 2010 ) . Solutions to Escalating Health Care Costss Technology will be indispensable in commanding costs. Electronic medical records will non merely cut down some administrative costs but it would besides let physicians to entree pertinent information needed to handle the patient in the most efficient and effectual manner. You read "American Health Care Systems Issues Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" For illustration, the medical records would clearly demo the doctor all current trials and lab work completed, thereby diminishing the likeliness of extra acerate leaf trials and lab work every bit good as X raies. They would besides alarm the physician to patients who may be merely seeking to obtain narcotics. Most significantly, they have the possible to cut down medical mistakes in prescriptions drug interactions and in transmittal of really of import information between different medical suppliers ( Johnson T. , 2010 ) . A consumer-driven program is besides really of import in cost containment. When the patient has input in their ain wellness attention determinations, they become better consumers. Therefore, it is imperative that the existent costs of wellness services are readily available to the patient. Most consumer directed programs besides involve greater cost sharing, which will be ineluctable in promoting people to go more cognizant of the high cost of medical attention in America ( Johnson, 2010 ) . The bar of chronic preventable disease will be a cardinal component in commanding costs. Obesity, although non technically a disease, is the precursor to other really preventable, chronic diseases. Type 2 diabetes and bosom disease are two of the diseases straight related to fleshiness. Possible fiscal inducements to employees may promote more people to watch their weight and to take part in some sort of physical activity if needed. Some companies have gone every bit far as to increase the employee portion of premium part if an employee has high hazard factors such as fleshiness or baccy usage. Similarly, Medicaid patients should portion in the cost of their intervention. For illustration, if a patient does non desire to do important life style alterations to continue their wellness position so they should be required to pay some clip of extra fee. As overall wellness indexs improve, the fee can be refunded to the patient. Nicotine trials for baccy users can be one index. The resting bosom rate may be another index used for physical activity since the resting bosom rate lessenings, as a individual becomes more physical active. And, yes, the parents have to be held responsible for the negative wellness indexs of minor kids. Standardized medical charge could perchance salvage one million millions of dollars in administrative costs. For case, should all insurance companies use a procedure similar to the 1 used for treating Medicare claims ; there will be a drastic decrease in administrative disbursals. Of class, this would see uniformity in entry and payment of all claims. This would besides cut down the waiting period for payment ( Evans, 2010 ) . A Dim Future If wellness attention cost are non curtailed, economical desolation will be the result. Many employers are fighting to maintain up with the ever-increasing cost of wellness attention. Employers spent $ 460 billion for medical coverage in 2006. In other words, they spent 12 per centum of entire working budget on wellness insurance. Because of the uninterrupted addition in insurance costs, companies have to increase the cost of goods sold. General Motor reportedly has to add about $ 2,000 to the monetary value of each vehicle to cover the $ 5 billion it spends on employee wellness attention each twelvemonth. Employers spend $ 2.38 per hr for medical benefits while their foreign rivals spend $ .96. In fact, Johnson claimed, â€Å" At 12 per centum, wellness attention is the most expensive benefit paid by U.S. employers † ( 2010 ) . If this tendency continues, American companies will probably free fight in the international playing field. Some employers will hold no other option other than dropping wellness attention coverage wholly. Many more Americans will probably register bankruptcy because of reeling medical measures. Presently, about half of all personal bankruptcies file are partially because of medical disbursals. Many people are proroguing intervention because of cost. When intervention is eventually obtained, the status is much more expensive to handle with longer recovery periods. Seniors will hold to salvage a considerable sum to cover costs that Medicare will non pay ( Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009 ) . More employers are switching much of insurance premium increases to the worker. This in bend is go forthing more people with less take-home wage and larger out-of-pocket disbursals. In order to salvage money, some workers will non seek medical aid when needed. Alternatively, they will take extra ill yearss trusting remainder will do things better. Merely when the consumer usage available wellness attention sagely, will at that place be a positive result. Unfortunately, many may take to waive medical intervention when it is most needful ( Johnson, Rockoff, A ; Mathews, 2010 ) . Medicare and Medicaid are the primary insurance for 1000000s of aged and hapless Americans. Numerous persons are besides double eligible, which allows them to have coverage from Medicare and Medicaid at the same time. Dual eligible persons must hold really low income to measure up for both plans. Intelligibly, these persons have much greater wellness demands than regular Medicare receivers. Medicare is the primary coverage ; nevertheless, Medicaid helps to pay the Medicare premiums. Medicaid besides picks up the check for services that are restricted or non collectible under Medicare. Medicaid pays for the long-run attention of 70 per centum of nursing place occupants. In add-on, because of the wellness attention reform jurisprudence, 1000000s more will be added. Although, province and federal money fund the Medicaid plan, the federal authorities will pay 96 per centum of the cost for people enrolled because of the wellness attention authorization ( Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010 ) . Decision Without a uncertainty, something has to be done to decelerate the cost of wellness attention so every American can hold entree to quality, low-cost attention. Electronic medical records can be a start in the acclivitous conflict to suppress cost. The benefits of fewer medical mistakes, less paperwork, and a more dependable transmittal of pertinent information greatly outweigh privateness concerns. Standardized charge will besides cut down administrative costs and see timely processing of all claims ( Johnson T. , 2010 ) . Furthermore, the figure of people having Medicare will increase to 79 million in twenty old ages. The aging population and longer life anticipation are responsible for this immense figure. Additionally, the figure of workers paying into the fund will see a lessening ( Potetz A ; Cubanski, 2009 ) . How can an already delicate system survive this added strain? The registration age has to be raised a few more old ages. This will let more people to work longer to pay in and prorogue the registration of more people at the same time. Medicaid on the other manus, need more people paying just premiums and co-payments. The consumer of wellness services has the duty of doing better lifestyle picks. Chronic, ongoing medical issues have a annihilating consequence on persons, their households, and the national wellness attention system. How to cite American Health Care Systems Issues Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Debut Albums and Birthday free essay sample

Another year has come and gone, and its your birthday once again. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Birthday or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So Im sending you these wishes. Happy birthday, my dear friend, I am so glad youre in my life. Because todays so special, it really wouldnt do to send one simple birthday wish to last the whole year through So I wish you happy moments, a day when dreams come true, and a year thats filled with all the things that mean the most to you. All the moments we have shared, and even through the rough times, we knew the other cared. So Erick, Im sending now, birthday wishes to you today.I am hoping that you will have the best birthday in every way. Because todays so thats filled with all the things that mean the most to you. Another year has come and gone, and its your birthday once again. So Im sending you these wishes. Happy birthday, my dear friend, I am so glad youre In my life. Because todays so I am hoping that you will have the best birthday In every way. Because todays so thats filled with all the things that mean the most to you. Another year has come and gone, and Its your birthday once again.So Im sending you these wishes. Happy birthday, my dear friend, I am so glad youre In my life. Because todays so special, It really wouldnt do to send one simple birthday wish to last the whole year I am hoping that you will have the best birthday In every way. Because todays so thats filled with all the things that mean the most to you. Debut Albums and Birthday By Juan-Alonso I am hoping that you will have the best birthday in every way. Because todays so and gone, and its your birthday once again. So Im sending you these wishes.

Santa Or Satan Essays - Santa Claus, Christian Folklore

Santa Or Satan? To Whom It May Concern: I regret to inform you that, effective immediately, I will no longer be able to serve Southern United States on Christmas Eve. Due to the overwhelming current population of the earth, my contract was renegotiated by North American Fairies and Elves Local 209. I now serve only certain areas of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. As part of the new and better contract I also get longer breaks for milk and cookies so keep that in mind. However, I'm certain that your children will be in good hands with your local replacement who happens to be my third cousin, Bubba Claus. His side of the family is from the South Pole. He shares my goal of delivering toys to all the good boys and girls; however, there are a few differences between us. Differences Such As: There is no danger of a Grinch stealing your presents from Bubba Claus. He has a gun rack on his sleigh and a bumper sticker that reads: These toys insured by Smith and Wesson. Instead of milk and cookies, Bubba Claus prefers that children leave an RC cola and pork rinds [or a moon pie] on the fireplace. And Bubba doesn't smoke a pipe. He dips a little snuff though, so please have an empty spit can handy. Bubba Claus' sleigh is pulled by floppy-eared, flying' coon dogs instead of reindeer. I made the mistake of loaning him a couple of my reindeer one time, and Blitzen's head now overlooks Bubba's fireplace. You won't hear On Comet, on Cupid, on Donner and Blitzen... when Bubba Claus arrives. Instead, you'll hear, On Earnhardt, on Wallace, on Martin and Labonte. On Rudd, on Jarrett, on Elliott and Petty. Ho, ho, ho! has been replaced by Yee Haw! And you also are likely to hear Bubba's elves respond, I her'd dat! As required by Southern highway laws, Bubba Claus' sleigh does have a Yosemite Sam safety triangle on the back with the words Back off. The last I heard it also had other decorations on the sleigh back as well. One is Ford or Chevy logo with lights that race through the letters and the other is a caricature of me (Santa Claus) going potty on the Tooth Fairy. The usual Christmas movie classics such as Miracle on 34th Street and It's a Wonderful Life will not be shown in your negotiated viewing area. Instead, you'll see Boss Hogg Saves Christmas and Smokey and the Bandit IV featuring Burt Reynolds as Bubba Claus and dozens of state patrol cars crashing into each other. Bubba Claus doesn't wear a belt. If I were you, I'd make sure you, the wife, and the kids turn the other way when he bends over to put presents under the tree. And finally, lovely Christmas songs have been sung about me like Rudolph The Red-nosed Reindeer and Bing Crosby's Santa Claus Is Coming to Town. This year songs about Bubba Claus will be played on all the AM radio stations in the South. Those song title will be Mark Chesnutt's Bubba Claus Shot the Jukebox; Cledus T. Judd's All I Want for Christmas Is My Woman and a Six Pack, and Hank Williams Jr.'s If You Don't Like Bubba Claus, You can shove It. Sincerely Yours, Santa Claus Member of North American Fairies and Elves Local 209 Bibliography none Supernatural Issues

Contributing Factors of The American Revolution essays

Contributing Factors of The American Revolution essays The factors which contributed towards the American rebellion in 1776 which ultimately led to the American Revolution and independence, can be ordered from the relatively most important, to the relatively not so important. The most important contributing factor was the restrictions of the colonists civil liberties by the British. Less important was the taxation implemented by the British Parliament. Lower still was the British military measures that the British took in order to try and suppress the American patriots. And the least important factor was the legacy of colonial religious and political ideas. The most important factor contributing to the American rebellion in 1776 was the restrictions of the colonists civil liberties by the British. Unlike all other factors this alone took away the colonists freedoms. By seizing our inalienable rights (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness) the British made us rebel. The British were not only taking our governments money through the navigation acts enforced in 1763, but they began to take our jobs, homes and food as well. The quartering act of 1765 stated that colonists had to provide shelter, food and supplies to British troops. The sanctity of the colonists homes was violated. In certain cases these British soldiers would steal everything from the colonists houses. Possibly the worst violations of civil liberties came with the Intolerable Acts of 1774. The acts took away the government of Boston, and took away the rights of the people from Boston. One of these rights was trial by jury. Worse still, if a British soldier killed a colonist , he wouldnt have trial in America, but he would be sent back to Britain where his chances of vindication were better. As the Declaration of Independence says, ... Endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness... that whenever any governmen...

A Roman Revolution Essay Example for Free

A Roman Revolution Essay ? It was May 30, 1347.  Ã‚   The city was once at the center of the world, and varying nations vied to pay homage.  Ã‚   Since that time, however, its institutions, its buildings, and its very name seem to have been forgotten by time.  Ã‚   Local nobility compete for control while the rest of the populace starved, and banditry thrived.  Ã‚   The religious shrines and public buildings were dilapidated, and worn out from neglect.   From this one day, however, and from one such ruin, issued a declaration from a man who stirred hope in people’s breast.   Ã‚   Cola di Rienzo, who in the course of time would ambitiously set himself up as a virtual dictator in the city, at that moment declared the restitution of the Roman Republic, to the cheers of an excited throng.  Ã‚   The restless crowd seemed far disconnected from the reality of a Holy Roman Empire, independent Italian city-states, Norman and Spanish sovereignty in the south, or the hundred more kingdoms and treaties that kept Italy divided and the Republic from becoming reality, but no one cared.   A brief, tragic drama began to unfold, taking hold of the city and its dreamer alike.  Ã‚   For a few months, the Roman Republic seemed to breathe life and its Dictator Rienzo came close to uniting Italy.  Ã‚   The smaller city-states and principalities all sent their delegations and intentions to forming a loose federation with Rome.  Ã‚   And the Dictator put ambitious reforms and decrees, which championed the cause of the people.   His pride, however, got the better of him, and he soon alienated the senators and the Church.  Ã‚   The senators amassed armies against him, and the Pope called to the people to reject him.  Ã‚   Having lost all his allies, he fled the city, wandering Italy to find people to rally for his cause.   Ã‚  Dejected, beaten, his spirit finally broken, he surrendered to the Pope in Avignon, and was allowed to return to Rome where the people could not long stomach his disillusionment and killed him as a traitor[1].    This brief Roman Revolution was an early experiment of that age to attempt the reconstitution of an age that seemed lost in time.  Ã‚   The people of the Renaissance, from the artisan to the poet, was fascinated with ancient Greek traditions and culture and created works of art that mimicked Classic styles.  Ã‚   Ancient texts were gathered from the libraries where it was copied and preserved, and crude attempts at translation were made to introduce these historical artifacts to the world.  Ã‚   Most of the entire Renaissance was electrified at the thought of the old â€Å"heroic† Roman Republic, and the Caesars and Ciceros that once walked the Forum.    In due course, this paper would seek to identify the sources of the ideology behind the Italian Renaissance’s fascination with the ancient Greco-Roman, and how it seemed to suit their needs.  Ã‚   The paper will then explain the various attempts to reconstitute the past in the present, and how close they were in succeeding.    The thought of a restored Rome was not unique to Renaissance thought.  Ã‚   Even as the western portion of the empire collapsed under the pressure of barbarian migrations, the eastern emperor Justinian drafted ambitious plans of gaining back the lost lands of Gaul, Italy, Spain and Africa. This having failed, the Frankish kings, and later the German emperors, stylized themselves as Caesars that had legitimacy given to them by the authority of the Pope and the acquiescence of the eastern emperor.   Italian dreams of Rome, however, had political and cultural context.   They loathed the plain ugliness of Gothic and barbarian architecture, and largely preserved the Roman tradition and culture.   They lamented Italian as a bastardized form of Latin, and deplored Dante’s use of the former as the vernacular. Italian writers, at the beginning of the Renaissance, began to collect ancient texts from faraway libraries[2].  Ã‚   Petrarch, the Father of the Renaissance, was the first of the writers to amass Greek and Latin texts, and encouraged a fellow writer, Boccaccio, to pore into Greek research.   Unique also in the Renaissance, was the way the ancient texts were interpreted. In the medieval ages, the various ancient works of art were interpreted in Christian context.  Ã‚   Pagan ideals and traditions were explained with a Christian theme. Thus, a Hercules-like figure would be used to represent Christ.  Ã‚   The Renaissance began to separate the contemporary Christian thought from the ancient texts, and began to appreciate the latter in their historical context. They read into classical texts their appropriate classical meaning; they did not allegorize Latin writings as one to justify medieval Christian Europe, but in the context of ancient Rome[3].   The thought of a united Italy was sometimes reconciled with the restoration of the ancient Greco-Roman tradition.   Ã‚  Rienzo certainly thought of this when he donned the garb of the old senatorial toga and declared the return of the Roman Republic. Petrarch saw it when he asked King Charles IV of Bohemia to unite all of Italy [4] , and many might have seen it when the son Alexander VI, Cesare Borgia, began a long campaign to win back much of the lost cities of the Papal States.    For all the dreams and ideals of the Renaissance Italians, a Roman Republic could not be reconstituted from 14 th to 15 th century Europe.  Ã‚   The Holy Roman Empire, primarily, would not stand for a united Italy outside of their control or power, as they would, and have claimed, Italy as an integral part of the empire. Neither, however, can the Holy Roman emperors be able to unite Italy, as they become too embroiled in disputes with the Pope, who has nominal sway over the Italian city-states.  Ã‚   And the Popes, for all their universal spiritual authority, would not be able to wrest control of all of Italy from powerful independent Italian city-states, the Normans and the Spanish, the Germans and the French, and even the Greeks until their collapse in the latter half of the 15 th century.   The Italian Renaissance sought to reintroduce ancient Greco-Roman thought into the mainstream, envisioning a past that was nobly glorious.  Ã‚   Several hundred years brings distance and unreality to history, even when taken from historical context.   The Italian city-states of the Renaissance was freer in practice with its people than the ancient Roman Republic, which countless times brought down reformer tribunes, and curbed attempts to relieve the proletariat in keeping the wealthy in their state.  Ã‚   The ancient Roman Empire was less free as the centuries passed, and its economy was in nightmarish shambles, a thought that the Renaissance Italians might have shuddered at.   In the end, the Renaissance Italians might have fallen in the same way their medieval counterparts have: to see the ancient culture in their contemporary values.   Certainly the Renaissance wanted to detach itself from the â€Å"barbarism† and disunity, which seemed to plague Europe, but the reforms of a Rienzo would have shocked the ancient Roman aristocracy, and Byzantine intrigue would be far closer to Roman court morals than the Renaissance Italian sensibilities.   A final word must be said of the Renaissance dream: in the 16 th century, one man came closest to uniting Italy and much of Christendom under a loose â€Å"Roman empire†.  Ã‚   Politics and religion, in the end, got in the way, and Charles V of the Hapsburg dynasty and his successors would find himself humbled by an alliance of French, Turks, Protestants and even the Pope[5]. Durant, Will. The Renaissance . New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953. Durant, Will, Caesar and Christ . New York: Simon and Schuster, 1935. Rice, Eugene Jr., The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460-1559 . New York: W.W. Norton and Company,1971. Krailsheimer, A.J., The Continental Renaissance: 1500-1600 . Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1970. [1] Durant, Will, The Renaissance (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953) 16-21. [2] Durant, Will, The Renaissance (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953) 67-69. [3] Rice, Eugene Jr., The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460-1559 (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1970) 72-76. [4] Durant, Will, The Renaissance (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953) 46. [5] Krailsheimer, A.J.,   The Continental Renaissance: 1500-1600 (Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1971) 93-98. A Roman Revolution. (2017, Apr 01).

How does deforestation of the Amazon affect wildlife Research Paper

How does deforestation of the Amazon affect wildlife - Research Paper Example Over half of the planet’s remaining rainforest is represented by Amazon. It is one of the most bio diverse amongst all the tropical rainforests that are found in the world. Amazon contains about 40000 species of plants, 427 species of mammals, 1200 species of birds, 378 species of reptiles, 400 species of Amphibians, 3000 species of freshwater fish. Since the human settlement has begun in the area there has been rapid scale of deforestation that is going on in the area. The deforestation of Amazon has a tremendous impact on the ecosystem. The present research paper aims to find out Amazon rainforest is mostly located in the state of Brazil as it covers most of the land area of that country. There have been many factors that have led to the deforestation in that region such as agriculture and other allied activities. With least regard for the diverse Amazonian ecosystem and the aspiration of the local people the Amazonian rain forest is being rapidly degraded and the forest area rapidly cleared off with singular approach to move towards a rapid scale of economic growth and development. According to Vieira, Toledo, Silva and Higuchi the highest rate of deforestation in the Amazon rain forest occur in the area known as the deforestation arch. The deforestation arch is typically located in the east west area of the forest. They argue that the cultivation of land in the Amazon since 1960s has been characterized by violent environmental degradation which is the characteristic of frontier economics (Viera, et al 950). The degradation of the forest cover of the Amazon basin works at a pace which assumes that the natural resources are limitless and the economic growth and prosperity is based on boundless exploitation of the limitless natural resources. The researchers argue that there are several factors that have led to the rapid scale of degradation of the Amazon such as human occupation, lack of territorial planning, monoculture, introduction of exotic

Court system in England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Court system in England - Essay Example The first right of the defendant starts when the court says that defendant's presence in the court for any indictable offence is necessary. There are cases where the defendants are intimidated, threatened, kidnapped or sometimes even eliminated so that they cannot attend the court. Under such circumstances, these courts order a decree of Habeus Corpus. Unless there are extraordinary circumstances, a defendant cannot be tried without being present. Magistrate courts deal with summary offences, which are less serious cases like minor assaults or driving offences and these offences are not eligible to be tried by the jury being rather legally insignificant. They also deal with Either-way offences and they are called so, because they could either be dealt by judge and jury or by a magistrate, which is usually the case. Offences here include theft, handling of stolen goods, etc. Here the right of the defendant is upheld by making the defendant to ask for either a Crown trial or a Magistrate trial and the choice belongs not to the court, but to the defendant. In case if the offence is of a more serious kind, magistrate himself might commit the defendant to a trial by the jury and under those circumstances, defendant's rights are not considered. Magistrate courts cannot try Indictable-only offences, and these are of a more serious kind like murder, manslaughter, rape and robbery. ... There is a distinction between summary and indictable offences. Jurisdiction and procedure usually are affected by this distinction because the distinction is fundamental. "Summary offences can be tried only in magistrate's courts, while indictable offences are triable on indictment before a jury. Summary offences are all creatures of statute, and the particular statute lays down the mode of trial and the appropriate penalty," Arguile (1969, p.41). The decision on bail and other connected legal issues like reporting restrictions are usually conducted by magistrate courts before the case goes to the Crown court. Again there is an option for the defendant. He could opt for a trial at the magistrate court and such a plea could be considered. If the defendant is found guilty, at that stage, or at any other stage, magistrates can impose a sentence up to six months imprisonment along with a fine up to 5000 and if the defendant is acquitted, and if there are no other connected or unconnected cases pending against him the magistrates can set him free as a legally innocent person. There are diverse kinds of legal presence in magistrate courts. There could be three lay magistrates or one District Judge and both the situations are perfectly acceptable to law. The lay magistrates are called Justices of the Peace and are usually the local people who volunteer their services. Despite not having any formal legal qualifications, the legal hist ory says that these magistrates have functioned very well over the years. They are given legal and procedural training and advice by the qualified clerks though. This prompts a question: Do such magistrates command the same respect from clerks, defendants and other legal fraternity Well, this is a different legal matter,

Black Women Writers Essay Example for Free

Black Women Writers Essay Early significant analyses of Maud Martha, Gwendolyn Brookss only novel moreover release it as an ineffective fiction and/or viewed it as a mere expansion of Brookss poetic poetry. Those untimely reviewers, often in evaluations of less than a solitary page, lauded the novels quiet charm and sparkling delicacy of tone (Winslow 16) but didnt comment the irritation and nervousness below the description surface. Latest criticism has centered on the undercurrents of fury and revolution of the character, Maud Martha Brown. This fury boils underneath the exterior of the novels 34 vignettes of the apparently ordinary, daily life occurrences of a black woman living in the south side of Chicago in the 1940s. The shift in serious viewpoint of the novel, then, is noticeably dissimilar across cohorts. As Mary Helen Washington declares in Taming All that Anger Down: Rage and Silence in Gwendolyn Brookss Maud Martha: In 1953 no one seemed prepared to call Maud Martha a novel about bitterness, rage, self-hatred and the silence that results from suppressed anger. No one recognized it as a novel dealing with the very sexism and racism that these reviews enshrined. What the reviewers saw as exquisite lyricism was actually the truncated stuttering of a woman whose rage makes her literally unable to speak (453). Washingtons divided commentary is one of the first to recognize the protagonists irritation and inner rebellion as Brooks interlace them into the tapestry of the novel; Washington distinguish a regular outline of concealed fury and anger during the work. Further grinding the center on one meticulous description conflict in Maud Martha, Harry B. Shaw discovers the title characters War with Beauty, as he subtitles a milestone essay, depicting the dark-skinned black woman character brawl against Eurocentric paradigms of substantial appearance. Shaws article describes the property of this partial, color-conscious scheme on Maud’s mind, and accentuates its role in spawning internal encounter with self-hatred and self-doubt (255-56). While I concur with Washingtons and Shaws arguments regarding the psychological battles faced by Brookss protagonist, I also find that the conflict and confusion that recapitulate Maud Marthas life unite into a whole imitation of conjugal epic warfare. This conjugal epic warfare expands past Shaws war on beauty and integrates all areas of domestic and ancestral ties. Familial conflict exactly describes Maud Marthas resistance to acquire and preserve her home and relations with family members as she struggles to keep a sense of individuality within this detain structure. Maud Martha detains the conservative literary epics spirit of clash by summarizing the figurative symbol of conjugal conflict as female ambitious with Maud Martha as the hero of her homeland. Like with customary epic, Maud Martha emblematizes the cultural paradigms of a decisive moment in history, enlightening the struggles of post-World War II America to reunite the roles of women, in particular African American women, in the public and private area. Through the course of the novel, Maud Martha fights a war against sexism, classism, and racism to create her identity. Winning this war is of supreme significance and of heroic dimensions at bet for Maud Martha, as delegate woman, is home and family, as well as independence, originality, and self-expression. Mainly during the early 1950s, the time in which Maud Martha was printed and set, the familial realm was one of worry and fluctuation as women toil to balance their roles as wives, mothers, and artists. With World Wars I and II only lately past, and the Korean and Vietnam clash on the horizon, (white) women workers found their roles in culture changing. They had pierced the US workforce during the wartime era, providing the nation with a much-needed font of labor. Yet after the war, the arrival of their male complement forced working (white) womens return to the residence and to family duties. To battle and frustrate these writing of domesticity, in Maud Martha Brooks sum up a clearly female pattern of symbolic warfare that undermine patriarchal and communal structures, and declare the dominance of new visions of female enlargement and original appearance. To build her epic of family warfare, Brooks utilize such description strategies as prearranged meanings within names, change in narrative voice, and conflations of birth and death descriptions; thus, she threaten and redefines customary description of domesticity, of matrimony, and of maternity. For Brooks these organization twist to sites of group and responsibility for women. She confuse the empire of the domestic beyond a sphere of binary and competing gender functions to critique the roles of men and women in producing and preserve the social arrangement that bound female expansion and to assess how race, class, and gender notify the relation viewpoint of the heroine. Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience Jill Nelson offered the most piercing critique yet on racism at The Washington Post. Nelson, an African-American journalist who was employed at the paper for four years, pleasures the reader with a memoir thats raw, sharp and amusing; she gladly picks at the scabs of race and sex and class that most writers favor to leave unhurt. For Nelson, repayment is hell, and she pays back with retaliation, settling some malicious scores with the firm organ that seduced her from freelance writing in New York and then deserted her in the back-stabbing nations capital. Nelson gets her defeat in good. Ben Bradlee turns out to be a small, gray, crumpled gnome. Bradlee sheers such inspirational lines as I want the fashions [section] to be exciting, new, to portray women who dress with style, like my wife. Publisher Don Graham is a rich kid waiting for his mother to let go of the reins. Other Posties are uncharitably described as weasel-like and mottled, plump, sour-lipped. But ultimately, is a touching tale of being a black woman in a white and male corporate world voluntary slavery, she calls it. I envy the egotism, she writes of the Post, their intrinsic belief in the value of whatever theyre doing, the complacency that comes from years of simply being Caucasian and, for the really lucky, having a penis. A core sister who revels in the racy, Nelson explains utilize like having sex with a mortician on his preserve table and the joys of male. Nelsons attitude about the opposite sex is a simple one: One thing I love about men and pussy is that is makes them so predictable. Still, its race, not sex, which fuels all through it all. Nelson is evermore in search of her own authentic Negro experience, forever at war between her own arrogance in being black and her self-criticism for not being black enough. She writes touchingly of her own exacting family pathos a brother on crack, a sister eternally immobilized by a drug overdose and resist with her own guilt at being a part of the black bourgeoisie. But Nelsons dispute falls short when it comes to clearing up the steamy issue of race at the Washington Post. But Nelsons spotlight on Barry-bashing at the Post pleads the question: If the paper was so bigoted, why did it go trouble-free on Barry for so long? Nelson doesnt actually try to answer this question; in its place, much of what she writes is an explanation for the coke-tooting mayor. Nelson declares Barry was only supposedly smoking crack on the well-known FBI videotape; that a female who bear witnessed that Barry enforced her to have sex had it coming; that the Post was part of a de facto plot on the part of the U. S. Attorney to get Marion Barry. But she does reluctantly recognize this: Overweight, greasy, usually dripping with sweat, Barry speaks English like its his second language. Bambaras feisty girls: resistance narratives in Gorilla, My Love Toni Cade Bambara When Thunder buns, the huge and awful matron, charges the passageway of the movie theater in Toni Cade Bambaras story Gorilla, My Love, the kids finally shut up and watch the simple ass picture (Gorilla 15). She is the decorated matron, the one the organization lets out in case of emergency, when potato chip bags start igniting and the kids are turning the place out. Thunder buns are the shape of co-opted black power. As such, she set as the dead reverse of Bambaras spirited, aggressive, no-nonsense young female conversationalist/protagonist of the story, who is variously named, depending on the occasion, Scout, Badbird, Miss Muffin, Hazel (her real name), Precious, and Peaches. Thunder buns, as her friends call her, emerges in the inset story Hazel tells in Gorilla, My Love to exemplify how adults deceive children. Thunder buns are not truly the agent of disloyalty here, but rather the enforcer of ethnically charged commercial treachery. Hazel and her brothers, Big Brood and Baby Jason, have rewarded their money to see a film called Gorilla, My Love, only to be shown a tattered old brown print of a Jesus movie: And I am ready to kill, not because I got anything against Jesus. Just that when you fixed to watch a gorilla picture you dont want to get messed around with Sunday School stuff Hazel is briefly silenced by the weight of Thunderbunss consequential power, But not for long. With warrior like power her brothers rejecting the callshe rushes into the managers office and ask for her money back. She sees his pasty-complexioned condescension. And, in comic foray, she informs us, her reader/intimates, that he is wrong about her authority and ability. She has the full determine of her families ethnically conversant, equally forced, disobedient self-possession behind her. Even as her mother will threaten the teachers at P. S. 186 who dare to start playing the dozens behind colored folks, Hazel will carry on her threats. When the money is not reimbursed, she starts a fire below the candy counter that close up the theater down for a week: I mean even gangsters in the movies say my word is my bond. So dont anybody get away with nothing far as Im concerned. The story Gorilla, My Love first emerged in Redbook Magazine in November, 1971, a year after the periodical of Bambaras path breaking, cherished, and inflammable black feminist anthology The Black Woman. The story itself has a descent, however, dating back to 1959, when Bambaras first child-narrated short story, Sweet Home, appeared in Vendome magazine. When Bambara was interviewed by Beverly Guy-Sheftall in the mid-seventies, (1) she comment on the prospects for her changeable and authorize girl narrators, whose stories had been emerging all through the sixties and were lastly gathered up on the wings of the success of The Black Woman and published in a collection entitled Gorilla, My Love in 1972: There are certain kinds of feelings that people are very thankful of, people who are tough, but very sympathetic. You put me in any neighborhood, in any city, and I will tend to descend toward that type. The kid in Gorilla (the story as well as that collection) is a kind of person who will stay alive, and shes successful in her survival. (233) All but four of the fifteen stories in Gorilla, My Love are enclosed by the realization of a child or teenage character; of those, ten are voiced in the first person (2)with the singular I drawing its energy and power from an implied we of community. When Hazel storms into the managers office, then, she is traveling on the strength of more than a decade of such acts of defiant resistance by Bambaras feisty girls. Bambara calls her the kidof the story and the whole collection. But in fact there is no particular narrative â€Å"kid† in any dull sense unites the whole collection. Some of the I voices are youngsters; others quite young children, including Hazel herself from the title-storywho is proud to be the guide of her grandfathers car on the way back from a pecan-gathering journey. But, as she admits, she actually likes the front seat because the pecans variables in the back are scary: There might be a rat prowling somewhere. And she admits to us that she still sleeps with the lights on and blames it on Baby Jason. Still, she is one of the most tough-talking and self-possessed young female voices in American literature. And she shares individuality with the other girl-children in Bambaras stories of that decade for the laser-like intensity of her ethical cleverness and her ability to distinguish the convolutions of adult hypocrisy. Bambara wrote in a personal narrative entitled Salvation Is the Issue in 1984: What informs my work as I read itand this is the answer to the regularly lift question about how come my children stories administer to escape being unbearably shy, delightful and sentimentalare the basic givens. One, we are at war. Two, the normal reply to domination, lack of knowledge, wickedness and bewilderment is wide-awake confrontation. Three, the natural reply to pressure and disaster is not collapse and surrender, but alteration and regeneration. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢ Maud Martha by Gwendolyn Brooks. Retrieved on December 25. From http://www. amazon. com/Maud-Martha-Gwendolyn-Brooks/dp/0883780615 †¢ Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience by Jill Nelson. Retrieved on December 25. From http://www. amazon. com/Volunteer-Slavery-Authentic-Negro-Experience/dp/014023716X †¢ Gorilla, My Love by Toni Cade Bambara. Retrieved on December 25. From http://www. amazon. com/Gorilla-My-Love-Vintage/dp/0679738983 †¢ African American Literature. Retrieved on December 25. From

Screening of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in women Is it necessary?

SUMMARY: Chlamydia trachomatis is one the most prevalent bacteria that found in patients with Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), which almost represent asymptomatic in society. Two hundred sixty urine samples of women in two groups (symptomatic and asymptomatic) were collected from patients attending STI clinic at Mehrad hospital in Tehran and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of C. trachomatis DNA. A total of 39 women in both group were infected (14.99%), which 27/130 person of them were in symptomatic group (20.76%), compared with 12/130 person in asymptomatic group (9.23%). A significant association was seen between C. trachomatis infections with history of STIs in both groups dependently and with urinary variable parameters such as WBC in each group independently, and with epithelial cells just in symptomatic women. The present study shows that screening strategies for chlamydial infections as part of routine investigations, especially in-married sym ptomatic women are INTRODUCTION Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are the second major cause of unpleasant disease in young adult women worldwide (1). Genital infection of Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common STIs and considered as the most common treatable and preventable STIs and cause of infertility in women (2). Although infection with C. trachomatis has been suggested to be a cause of infertility due to the sequels on the genital tract, but in many hospitals and clinics do not be routine screening for C. trachomatis infections. Nowadays, detection of C. trachomatis infections has improved with development of nucleic acid based amplification methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in urine samples and most countries estab... ...d that. In order to optimize this strategy, sexual health services should become widely available, and the services should publicize in a comfortable and appealing way in Iran. However, asymptomatic C. trachomatis infected people have a key role in distribution of infection and may remain shadowy and therefore keep on spreading the infection to partners. Interventions of variable content may lead to favored changes in information, manner, awareness, self-efficacy, skills, and behaviors such as using appropriate procedures for contraceptive ways, sexually infection causes, and practice of protected sexual manners. Finally further studies in order to determine the correlations between infecting people and other variables needed in other cities of Iran. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project was supported by the Tehran University of Medical sciences.

PacSun Store Analysis Essay

Customer ProfileThe current customer of the Junior girls department of the PacSun are young women who are driven by surfing, skateboarding, snowboarding, and other associated actives and lifestyle. The typical customer wardrobe is consists of everyday casual apparel that is versatile enough for excessive movement and wear. Customer Demographics:†¢Female†¢14-18 yrs old†¢middle class†¢ high school education†¢have average 2 siblings†¢parents both work, have college degrees†¢outdoor active lifestyle†¢interest in surf, skateboarding, and/or snowboarding†¢personality is free spirited, spontaneous, social, and sport orientedIn regards to the statistics of the buyer profile compared to the actual product consumer profile is influenced by outside factors. An average of 45% of the customers where young girls with a female parental that purchased items, 35% of the customers were young women in groups of 2 or more, while 15% of those groups all purchased individual items. There was an average of 15% of customers who where young women by themselves, 2% of the remaining profile were parents (mainly women) who where purchasing for someone else, then another 2% where male parental’s purchasing for someone else, and the last 1% was young women with a mate. Within the department’s customer profile, there is an average of 65% of girls that were sizes 3-7 and/or S/M; and the remaining 35% where either above or below the average size range. Department AnalysisI. Department Environment-The environment of the department is very energetic and free spirited. All the employee’s were friendly and conservative toward each customer. It was about four o’clock p.m. when I visited the PacSun location. There were an estimated eight female customers in this department. The sales associates working the floor were eager to help each customer with there individual needs. When entering the store it takes an average of three seconds before being welcomed to the store. II. Merchandise Appearance-The merchandise in this department was all put in  it’s designated section. The merchandise on the floor racks was organized by related items and style preference. The items on the walls were grouped in sections of tops, pants, and jackets that looked best with each other. The clearance section was clean and organized by sizes, and all the merchandise was in the correct size section. The displays were organized with coinciding outfits, a few pairs of jeans and tee-shirts, folded next to each other with a couple bags/ backpacks; the display flows well with the product layout in the department. III. Merchandise Classification-The Classifying of the products was very versatile with the other products. All of the merchandise stock is focused on surf and skate brands of clothing. The majority of the stock is in tee-shirts, sweatshirts, and jeans. This department classification of products is focused more on large assortment of merchandise within a small variety of classifications. This merchandise scheme works well with this store because it allows each customer to personalize the individual items in to outfits of their own style preference. Data SummaryI. Compare and contrast: After reviewing the primary and secondary data, to get a better understanding of the PacSuntarget market and realistic profitability goals, it seem to be within a match able range of the comparison of experiencing the same demographics. In the field study conducted there seems to be a low amount of consumers shopping, but when added to an average amount of customers per day it is appropriate. At this particular location farther inland from the coast, the store has more foot traffic because of the decrease of competition in other surf/skate store near the coast. The income data compared to the guesstimate of income, based on purchasing amounts spent, does not match up. It seems that people were spending more money then bring in. When looking over the work force statistics, it seems that more parents are working and allow children to buy more products for the missed time together, allowing for huge indulges in money spent shopping. I feel that the customer is a teenager with working parents and most shop is done on own. The customer is give fixed amounts to spend and pre-though  periods through out the year. The consumer is likely to be working a small part-time job and spends paycheck on personal wants and entertainment. The loyal PacSun customers like to create their own activities related style through items at the store. There clothing chooses are selected more through durability and versatility, then innovative trends. The customer is entertainment seeking and dedicate. It is more like that the customers of PacSun are returning customers then new ones, once image is established by consumer, they tend to continue on the same path. II. Modification MixAs a buyer for PacSun it would be advisable to really study the store surroundings because even though the seasons are changing, it is likely that customers will purchase tank tops andshort-sleeve shirts year round. The need for jackets is usually slim, but a wide range of sweatshirt and sweaters is a necessity because the San Diego area does get windy during the end of the year. Being a buyer for specific classification of customers is defiantly easier when in a usually predicable climate, like San Diego. Knowing the trendy colors for each season is more necessary then knowing the trendy cut shirt cuts, because the PacSun consumer wants to be able to wear the item for season after season, not just for a few months. The most important thing to remember, as a buyer, is to buy the products for the customer not the corporation. Meaning to always fulfill the customers needs before selling products for corporate popularity and profitability. If logical, I would widen the size range of the clothing to open up the target market to teenagers in the plus size range. This will increase the foot traffic in the store. Other then the sizing, the store have the right products and styles in it that lives up to the PacSun reputation. If it were possible to reach a different customer segmentation, while maintaining the current the merchandise is stores, it would have to be to add another section for Pre-teenagers, ages 10 to 14 years old, there are many younger customers that are already set in there type of clothing classification of style related to there activities, like surfing and skate boarding. This would consist of extending the sizes and styles to Boy and Girl sizes and styles, but using the same consistency of brands. This would create a whole new foot traffic and profitability for PacSun stores. Bibliography –www.pacsun.com, copyright 2007-www.hoovers.com, copyright 2007-onsight analysis. date January 23, 2007

In the News: Pricing of Milk

This year so far milk sales have decreased and dairy farmers are stuck with large amounts of inventory that they can't do anything with. This called for them to lower the price of the milk to under three dollars a gallon in hopes that people would buy more milk. The content of this article is relevant to the class because it covers supply and demand. In addition to this it also covers business strategy. Ultimately dairy farmers were making a lot more money in 2014 because there was a very high demand for milk.When milk ales decreased the dairy farmers were left with inventory that they could not do anything with. At this point they had to make a decision to try to save some of the inventory they had left over. In regards to food products It's a little different compared to items that do not have a sell by date. Milk expires after a certain day and it can no longer be sold. For this reason the dairy farmers and retailers were forced to cut costs to try and get more people to but more milk. This could ultimately fix their overstock problem.By lowering he cost they were hoping that people would buy more milk. If people purchase more milk it can potentially help them get rid of left over inventory. This can also be bad for dairy producers because it they are losing money on every gallon of milk they sell. If they purchased more heavy machinery and hired more workers they may have to lay people off due to plummeting costs.

Disorders and Case Study

Disorders and Case Study The brain receives and responds to all stimuli of the body. Any alteration to the brain causes unusual stimuli receptions and responses. Because of that, the eating, personality, and sexual identity disorders are caused by the brain disturbances leading to abnormal communications between the brain and the respective body receptors. This paper will examine the details of the above mentioned disorders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Disorders and Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sexual and Gender Identity Disorder (SGID) Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders (SGID) are disorders exhibited by individuals when they persistently and strongly desire to be the opposite sexes. SGID can be classified into two categories. 1. Children SGIDs. 2. Adult and adolescent SGIDs. The Boys may claim that their reproductive organs are irritating. At times, they may not signify their male organs. In several occasions, they reje ct male toys. Such boys prefer female individuals to male colleagues (Sue, 2006). Girls with such disorders prefer urinating while standing just as men do. They desire to possess male reproductive organs, and they dislike future growth and development of their breasts. Such girls prefer male clothing to female clothing. In adults and adolescents, the victims desire to be handled as their opposite sexes, and they have classical emotions and responses to their cross-genders. On top of that, the victims are usually concerned with changing their sex organs (Sue, 2006). The behavioral components can be attributed to individuals’ exposure to unusual sexual behaviors such watching pornography (Stone, 2011). Such behaviors can cause sexual abnormalities. For cognitive components, a person can be triggered sexually to an abnormal level, which would produce maladaptive processes to contain the detected abnormality. Therefore, the unsuitable behaviors affect the maladaptive thoughts, wh ich are needed to contain such behaviors. The concerned biological components include smoking, sicknesses, unbalanced diet, and old age (Stone, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, vulnerabilities in the endocrine system are the core causes of the SGIOs. In addition to that, unusual sexual behaviors are used as protective measures by the victims. This behavior is attributed to the poor parental care (Stone, 2011). Eating disorders Eating disorders are mental sicknesses that cause severe alterations in an individual’s daily meal. It may begin as eating exceptionally small or seriously large quantities of food. This condition may begin slowly and develop into severe levels. It can cause serious injuries in growth, fertility, mental and social health, and death. Eating disorders impact the body shape and size (Mandal, 2013). The cognitive components are concerned with overeating or starving (Stone, 2011). This is due to the perception that overeating may cause excessive weight. Some individuals with over-sized bodies may opt for starvation because they fear of gaining weight. Emotional components are incorporated in individuals whose responses and hopes are very high as initiated and supported by some people (Stone, 2011). Such individuals set high targets and experience the impacts of failure (Stone, 2011). The behavioral components include extreme starving, training, vomiting, and use of laxatives. The neural connection, genetic materials, and hormonal imbalance form the biological elements of this disorder. Brain disturbance may lead to endocrine and hormonal imbalance, which would stimulate overeating or starvation (Stone, 2011). Personality disorders Personality disorders are concerned with the convincing ways individuals think and act (Cherry, 2013). It can also mean the model of behavior that makes people different. Personal ity traits are made up of characteristic behaviors and thoughts. When this reasoning and characteristic behaviors become rigid and extreme, they form personality disorders. Personality disorders are caused by the environmental and genetic impacts (Cherry, 2013). The personality components include disrupted brain make-up, minimized volume of white and grey matter, exposure of the prenatal matter, and unusual neurotransmitter (Stone, 2011). The emotional components result from childhood abuse, which makes a person to depend on maladaptive protection methods. Therefore, child disapproval and mockery are the primary causes of this disorder. The cognitive elements indicate that childhood encounters create particular forms of thoughts, which result in this disorder.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Disorders and Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The behavioral elements show that personality disorders command unpr oductive beliefs to individuals. These beliefs are unachievable because the victim sets high targets than he, or she can manage. This abnormality is created in childhood by the thought methods and /or maladaptive behaviors. This disorder continues regardless whether or not the victim is maladaptive Stone, 2011). The Classification of all these disorders is based on the DSM-IV codes for easy identification. Joe’s Story-Eating disorder Biological components Joe’s eating disorder originated from hormonal imbalance, genetic inheritance, and unusual neural connectivity. Since he suffered from anorexia, he must have had a low level of serotonin and unusual brain make-up. Joe might have experienced brain disturbances at birth, which triggered variations in endocrine and metabolic reactions to call for starvation (World –press, 2013). Emotional components The sickness hindered Joe from attaining his playing target. This triggered an anxiety and distress, which consequen tly triggered for an abnormal eating habit. Also, he was taking cover in eating after being abused by his friends in school (World –press, 2013). Behavioral components Joe did extreme exercises to avoid weight gain. Cognitive component Joe thought that overeating would make him more masculine and good-looking. Conclusion Because of the diagnostic complexities, it is difficult to establish abnormalities. Despite that, biological and psychodynamic aspects are making it easy to define abnormalities by providing reliable evidences. The cause of sexual, personality, and eating disorders include child abuse, physical abnormalities, and genetic inheritance. These abnormalities cause a great deal of human inadequacies.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Cherry,K.(2013).Overview of personality disorder. Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/personalitydisorders/a/personalitydis.htm Mandal,A(2013).What is eating disorder? Retrieved from news-medical.net/health/What-is-an-Eating-Disorder.aspx Stone,D.(2011).Psychological Musings. Retrieved from http://psychologicalmusings.blogspot.com/2011_05_01_archive.html Sue, D. (2006). Understanding abnormal behavior. Retrieved from http://college.cengage.com/psychology/sue/abnormal/8e/instructors/sue_irm.pdf World -press. (2013).case study: Joe’s story.Retrieved from boyanorexia.com/case-study-joes-story

Donald Duck Mathematical Magic Trick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Donald Duck Mathematical Magic Trick - Essay Example The Golden Mean is a special ratio equal to 1:1.61803399, which is considered to be the ratio of beauty. The Ancient Greeks used this ratio in Golden Rectangles found in many of their architectural designs like the Parthenon. In later years, the Golden Ratio was used in even more architectural and artistic designs like the Cathedral of Notre Dame and the Mona Lisa painting. The Golden Mean is also known to be able to multiply itself until infinity. Infinity is another concept that we discussed in class. It means something that goes on forever and does not end. The Golden Rectangle was found in the pentagram and it can be formed from the parts of the pentagram at an infinite number of times. The video showed that when the pentagram is deconstructed, and the parts were arranged according to their lengths, the two short parts combined formed the longer part in the ratio of the Golden

Assignment 9 - Resumes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment 9 - Resumes - Essay Example To make use of and expand my full potential with an opportunity for professional growth based on performance. To make the most of every opportunity those comes and make it an achievement. I intend to build a career with top environmental corporate with dedicated and committed people. To make sure I leave behind a positive impact in whichever company that I work in. KEY COMPETENCES Excellent communication skills both oral and written Good leadership, organisational and teamwork skills. High level of professionalism. Active listener – Willing to learn and listen Good interpretation of complex data (Trigonometry, Geometry). Flexible, and able to move around from place to place in duty. Good innovative thinking capabilities. Physical Stamina for Outdoor Work Actively creative with continual acquisition of new skills and knowledge. Elaborate mathematical and analytical skills Ability to deliver desired results within a located time or with the available resources. Good risk assessm ent and management skills Excellent skills in giving out advices. Excellent Information Technology skills PERSONAL INTEREST A well organized individual used to working under minimal supervision, communicates well both in writing and orally, enjoys working in a humanitarian environment, punctual ,reliable and willing to learn with good academic record and strong capacity for directorial growth, self motivated with an outgoing personality and determination to succeed. I believe my interests and skills offer a strong foundation for a good career in Civil Engineering. I like being the mediator in times of conflict between groups or individuals. I am a good problem solver. I seek the chance to combine my interest and creativity in Physics to create and construct. I am drawn by the prospect of being able to interpret and translate ideas that are abstract into physical reality, and of using science to understand solutions that are innovative. My interest in Civil Engineering came at a youn g age when I visited some tall buildings back within our country. I have keen interest in the awesome potential that Civil Engineering has in reshaping the environment, pushing the boundaries of physical possibilities, while on the other hand making a true impact by solving problems that are practical. I am interested in going deeper into civil engineering and get even Masters and PhD credentials. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Place of Internship if any (Insert) Extracurricular Activities Attending seminars and technological quiz competitions. Taking part in youth festivals. Attending Guest talks and slide shows. Project presentation. Participating in debates and essay competitions. Participating in talent shows. Watching and taking part in drama. Singing. Referees (Insert) Mr. 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Place of work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Address and other contacts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Mrs. 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Place of work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Address and other contacts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Dr. 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Place of work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Address and other contacts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Work cited "44 Resume Writing Tips." Daily Writing Tips. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. . "Sample Resume - Civil Engineer Resume." Enterprise IT Solutions and Services | Publishing, IT, Education, Energy, Insurance: Exforsys. N.p., n.d. Web.

Answer 3 questions about language learning and teaching Essay

Answer 3 questions about language learning and teaching - Essay Example Indeed, Van Patten and Cadierno’s experimental study on students learning Spanish in 1993 supported the communicative approach to L2 instruction (Morett, people.ucsc.edu). Another successful method is direct instruction or integrating L2 learning with content learning, using L2 only. One example is the implementation of French immersion teaching in Canada from the 1960s. L2 learners not only mastered content but also acquired the language of instruction (Francis, 2008). Advocates of monolingualism claim that using L1 in the classroom conflicts with SLA theories, which argue for modified input and negotiation in L2 as a way of learning (Polio, 1994 in Miles, 2004). Nation (2003) states that, when teachers use L1, students tend to follow suit and the class becomes a grammar-translation class. Besides, mixing both languages might cause confusion in the students, giving rise to interference. As L1 and L2 structures are dissimilar, they need to be separated to avoid confusion. Henc e, students listening to the teacher’s explanation in the target language get good listening and speaking practice. As they keep on hearing and listening to the language, they become more comfortable and proficient in it. Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman (1999) in Bankier (eslarticle.com) contend that language errors made by learners are caused by interference from the L1. They use the example of a Japanese student saying "He was fallen by the rain" instead of "The rain fell on him". Here, a minimal knowledge of the L1 is useful to show the difference between both, but if we are teaching the active and passive forms, it is better done in English than in Japanese. Nevertheless, new research indicates that the use of L1 allows learners to work out L2 at lower levels. As they become more proficient in L2, they gradually use it more, relying less on L1 (Upton & Lee-Thompson, 2001). Mouhanna (2009) conducted a study on 124 students from three levels of English proficiency at a founda tions English programme in a UAE tertiary institution. He found that level 1 students required more L1 support (mean: 2.05) compared to Level 3 students (mean: 3.03). Similarly, Simsek’s data analysis (2010) of the achievement test of English Grammar on Turkish students found that L1-assisted learning was more effective at increasing the students’ achievement of English Grammar than monolingual grammar instruction. There was also a significant difference between the delayed post-test means of the experimental and control groups, showing that L1-assisted language learning was more lasting than monolingual grammar teaching. In an investigation on the use of L1 to generate ideas for writing among low proficiency Malaysian students, Stapa and Abdul Majid (2006) found that students using L1 generated 166 ideas, compared to 85 from students not using their L1. The first group also ‘produced better quality essays in terms of organization, vocabulary, language and mechan ics’. This is because generating ideas on a topic in a different language creates confusion and inhibits long-term memory processes. Thus, low proficiency learners should be allowed to use their L1 when communicating abstract ideas and accessing content, as it supports L2 acquisition (2006). In Holland, the mandatory Utrecht pilot was used as

Government and Police State Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Government and Police State - Term Paper Example This paper focuses on BIAs in Seattle, in the US. The paper will discuss on BIAs in Seattle including BIA best practices; creating a BIA including the legal requirements and operating a BIA. The growth of American cities began around downtown and neighborhood main streets with majority of the people occupying them being independent businesses and local property owners. The rapid development of the infrastructure particularly the highway expansion provided an incentive for growth of Automobiles during the World War II. The availability of relatively inexpensive mortgages led to the rise in housing development.1 Outlaying shopping malls became the dominant feature especially in downtowns and other older relatively older commercial districts. These shopping malls became highly successful and part of the reasons for the same was: the ability to use a consistent design theme; ability to run different businesses within the same premises; and having and having an efficient decentralized management.2 The concept of business district management funded through mandatory assessments emerged in the 1970s, and grew to wide popularity during the 1990s. Under one name or another, well over 1,000 such districts exist today throughout the United States, with many more in Canada and throughout the world. BIAs is involved in provision of different programs key among them being marketing; professional management; and beautification just to mention a few. The extent of the programs provided by BIAs is, however, subject to the availability of funds as dictated by the yearly annual budget. In the year 2011, for example, BIAs estimated budget was about $17 million whereas the median budget was set at $342,000. For efficient management, a budget of $200,000 or less is usually allocated to the management staff of up to 2 people and a modest budget for other services such as promotions and marketing.3 America has seen the number of BIAs

Lisbon Treaty and EU Constitution

Lisbon Treaty and EU Constitution To what extent do the reforms enshrined by the Lisbon Treaty enhance the legitimacy of the European Union? The European Court of Justice (ECJ) in the Van Gend en Loos- case pointed out that he European Union (EU) is and remains a ‘new legal order of international law.[1] Therefore we cannot achieve legitimacy in the same way as nation states, where concepts such as a collective identity and a constitution are present. The EU is sui generis of its own kind, peculiar and unique in the world, fundamentals like supremacy, direct and indirect effect, and state liability are present so neither the way in which other international organisations derive their legitimacy is suitable in the case of the EU.[2] Throughout my readings I found out that there are many theories, and difference of opinions of what legitimacy in the context of the EU would involve because of its complex internal structure and way of functioning. I shall aim to explore why legitimacy in the context of the EU is so sufficient and how, from a legal perspective, this is been reached by the Lisbon Treaty. The integration of the EU from the beginning of the 1950s when the Treaty of Paris was signed, especially the increasing of EU competence since 1992, till the current Treaty of Nice, has been developed so far that the member states share its decision-making powers with the EU as well as accept policies coming from the EU. When a system has decision-making powers in a wide range of policy competence it is important that it possess legitimacy.[3]The failed Constitutional Treaty referenda in France and the Netherlands in 2005 were an unexpected event that had damaging effect to the plans of the EU for its integration and prior to this the citizens for instance of Denmark (Treaty of Maastricht 1992), Ireland (2001Treaty of Nice) and Sweden (EMU 2003) had also voted negatively which had the effect that developments for EU citizens gave the image that the EU institutions are inefficient, not transparent and unaccountable.[4] This and the fact that the EU keeps reforming its Treaties, espec ially since 1986 Single European Act, presumes a legitimacy crisis.[5] Amongst scientists many theories developed to attempt to justify the ‘legitimacy of the EU.[6] There has been a tendency to combine the concepts of ‘democratic deficit and ‘legitimacy crisis.[7] Democratic deficit is that where decisions are moved from national Parliaments and the citizens; where decisions are taken by civil servants behind closed doors and laws are made via agreements between all member states whereby it is impossible for an individual country, acting alone, to make or change an EU law; where citizens vote and influence at national level has no guaranteed effect upon what occurs at EU level.[8] Its remarkable that most scientists could not agree on the existence of a democratic deficit despite the concern of EU officials and national politicians. In 2001 the Commission published its seminal White Paper on European Governance in which it based its sweeping proposals for EU institutional reform on â€Å"principles of good governance,† includin g openness, participation and accountability. [9] These principles were described as the underpinning of democracy, not only for the Member States, but also for the Union. Also in this year the Laeken Declaration on the future of the EU was adopted which noted that the EU â€Å"derives its legitimacy from the democratic values it projects, the aims it pursues and the powers and instruments it possesses† as well as from its â€Å"democratic, transparent and efficient institutions.†[10] Nevertheless, the document set forth a lengthy list of questions illustrating the need to â€Å"increase the democratic legitimacy† of the EUs institutions.[11] The Member States recognized ‘the need to improve and to monitor the democratic legitimacy and transparency of the Union and its institutions, in order to bring them closer to the citizens of the Member States.[12] They agreed to convene a new intergovernmental conference (IGC) in 2004 in order to agree the necessary changes in the Treaties.[13] According to Sharpf, a political scientist who is basically in the for front of European studies and whos concepts are often used in literature when legitimacy is discussed, legitimacy is the relation between the ruler and the ruled. ‘Citizens values must be reflected and incorporated in the decision-making system.[14] Political systems can only reach legitimacy when they have the competence or the power to decide how it will be governed, which guarantees that the government is of the people, by the people and for the people.[15] Sharpf thus has identified three important types of legitimisation with regard to the EU. ‘Output legitimacy refers to government for the people where support is granted on the basis of improved efficiency in provision of goods and services, as well as an increased European problem-solving capacity and where the legitimacy is derived from interest of the people.[16] ‘Input legitimacy refers to government by the people with main features lik e direct legitimation through the elected European Parliament; citizens participation and consultation; and better transparency in taking decisions so where policies and choices must be a reflection of the will of people.[17] ‘Borrowed legitimacy refers to government of the people where indirect legitimation through the member states and their democratic representatives operating at different levels.[18] The ‘borrowed and the ‘output theories are difficult to justify legitimacy in the light of the EU though there are scientist who disagree, as we will see later on.[19] And from the above mentioned we can draw among others a conclusion that more emphasis to decrease ‘democratic deficit will increase the legitimacy of the EU. Therefore a need for a greater ‘input legitimacy which is related to increased citizen participation, better representation, improved accountability and efficient and transparent decision-making procedures has been viewed as one poss ible solution. The EU can be divided into two parts. An intergovernmental structure[20] which includes the European Council and the Council of Ministers and the regulatory structure[21] which includes the European Parliament, European Central Bank (ECB) and the ECJ. Moravcsik and Majone emphasizing that effectiveness is one of the proper means to legitimise the EU, so the ‘output legitimacy is the best way to do this.[22] An intergovernmental component, where international features dominate (European Council, Council of Ministers, and the second and third ‘pillars of the TEU), and a communitarian component where supranational features are most evident (European Parliament and Courts, Commission, and the policies and activities included in the first ‘pillar of the TEU). Now, even if it is true that the democratic character of the Member States is According to Moravcsik the EU does not deal with democratic deficit in the intergovernmental part[23] simply because of its distinctive objectives where the preferences and the power of the states are important, where the policies are the result of states bargaining and where supranational elements are of less importance to policy outcomes. The EU is either a state nor a federation or a confederation and it avoids any risk of becoming a ‘technocratic superstate.[24] That makes the outlook and requirement of legitimacy different. The legitimacy of the EU system is derived from ‘indirect accountability of the nation state where ‘indirect democracy is enforced through the ratification from the treaties by democratically accountable governments.[25] ‘Constitutional checks and balances, indirect democratic control by national governments, and the increasing powers of the European Parliame nt are sufficient to ensure that the EU policymaking is, in nearly all cases, clean, transparent, effective and politically responsive to demands of European citizens.[26] Moreover because of its simple and limited organisation, EU does not need the ‘input legitimacy to become legitimate. ‘The EU, broadly speaking, does not tax, spend, implement, coerce or, in most areas, monopolistic public authority. It has no army, police, and intelligence capacity, and a miniscule tax base.[27] Yet the EU enjoys sufficient democratic support. The institutions are supported by either direct or indirect accountability. The European Parliament is comprised by directly elected representatives and it is increasingly taking over powers from the Commission. Moreover it can control the legislative proposals from the Commission, by rejecting or proposing amendments to the Council. The Council of Ministers, which is more powerful, also enjoys democratic accountability and responsibility for policy outputs. Commissioners and the judges of the European Court of Justice are chosen by directly elected national governments. The power is also vertically divided between the Commission, Council, Parliament and Court, and then horizontally between local, national and transnational levels. Thereby a concurrent majority is necessary for any action to be initialised. The ability of the EU to operate within the areas of its competence is also constrained. The powers of the executive, legislative and judiciary are separate in order to prevent abuse of power. The multi-level construction of decision-making and the plurality of executives all constitute checks and balances established to prevent arbitrary actions. The democratic deficit discussion has only emerged because of applying idealistic views of input dimensions of democracy on the EU. The legitimacy is sufficient in the current situation because of member states democratic legitimacy and the numerous procedures installed to prevent the EU from bolting away to become a technocracy. There are however elements that are not supported by indirect democracy. The regulatory element of the EU refers to these institutions. According to Majone the regulatory element achieves legitimacy by non-majoritarian forms of democracy. This model has to do with protecting minorities from the majority by distributing the powers between institutions instead of placing it in the hands of the majority. The European regulators neither seek nor take instructions from any Government. They are independent from direct democratic control simply because they are not elected and have little or no direct accountability. Although this implies a democratic deficit it still can be legitimate. National governments, which has power for a specific period, focus on short term problems which usually do not bring long term effect. The energy to produce the best policies lacks because of the time aspect. This causes credibility problems within the member states, hence it was better that decision-making powers have been delegated to independent institutions of the EU. The areas where the powers have been delegated to these institutions, are the same areas as on national level. At the same time, acts of government can be perceived as legitimate for what they achieve which is called the ‘substantive legitimacy. ‘Independent agencies can produce legitimate decisions as long as they create welfare for all, whilst only elected officials can make legitimate decisions where welfare is re-distributed. F. Scharpf, Governing in Europe Effective and Democratic? (Oxford 1999) IN LIBRARY Adam Smith Library Politics F100 SCHAR A. Arnull, Introduction: the EUs Accountability and Legitimacy Deficit in A. Arnull D. Winscott, Accountability and Legitimacy in the EU (Oxford, 2002), D. Chalmers et al., European Union Law: Text and Materials (Cambridge, 2006), D. Chalmers G. Monti, European Union Law: Updating Supplement (Cambridge, 2008), P. Craig G. de Burca, EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials 4th edn. (Oxford, 2007), A. Moravcsik, ‘In Defence of the ‘Democratic Deficit: Reassessing Legitimacy in the EU (2002) 40 Journal of Common Market Studies 603. Majone, G. (1998) ‘Europes Democratic Deficit. European Law Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 5-28. Scharpf, Fritz (1994) â€Å"Community and Autonomy: Multilevel Policy-Making in the European Union†, Journal of European Public Policy 1(2): 219-42 Scharpf, Fritz (1997) â€Å"Economic Integration, Democracy and the Welfare State†, Journal of European Public Policy, 4(1): 18-36 Obradovic, Daniela (1996) â€Å"Policy Legitimacy and the European Union†, Journal of Common Market Studies 34(2): 191-221 Roles in the legislative and executive processes need to be clearer; Eu institutions and all those involved in developing and implementing EU policy at whatever level must explain and take responsibility for what it does in Europe; it implies that institutional and decision-making structures should be kept as simple as possible: see A. Arnull, Introduction: the EUs Accountability and Legitimacy Deficit in A. Arnull D. Winscott, Accountability and Legitimacy in the EU (Oxford, 2002), 2-3. Efficiency (institutions): Easier decision-making Use of qualified majority voting (QMV) is extended to new areas, and becomes the general rule which means an increasing decision-making of the Union.[28] Redefined as 55% of member states, comprising at least fifteen of them, representing 65% of the population and a blocking minority must include four Member States.[29] This new QMV will not become effective before 2014, and Member States may continue to have recourse to the Nice voting rules until 2017.[30] However, the ‘Ioannina compromise applies, and ‘emergency brakes are made available in selected areas.[31] This means member states right of veto despite the application of the co-decision procedure, for instance in relation to the coordination of national social security systems: a Member State may refer the matter to the European Council where important aspects of its social security system would be affected by a legislative draft.[32] One Union The Lisbon Treaty confers legal personality expressly on the EU, giving it the capacity to enter into legal relationships with other parties in its own right. But the European Community (in relation to the first pillar) has always had express legal personality and the EU implicitly has had legal personality to the extent that it has the power to enter into international agreements under articles 24 and 38 of the current TEU. Conferring legal personality expressly on the Union will have the effect that the other attributes such status, such as the ability to join international organisations or to take, or be subject to, proceedings in international tribunals, will apply to the EU in the areas currently covered by the second and third pillar.[33] Enhanced cooperation Already exists under the current Treaties were it is possible for a group of Member States to harmonise law and integrate further than all of the member states as a collective group.[34] The most important changes in the Lisbon Treaty which are reflections of changes already made in other contexts, namely the fact that the rules on enhanced cooperation are consolidated in the TFEU (instead of having a specific set of rules for enhanced cooperation in each pillar), is due to the fact that the pillars are absorbed into the EU.[35] Regarding the role of the institutions in the procedure for enhanced cooperation, it can be said that the Commission and the European Parliament gain powers, especially in the field of PJCCM (consent of the EP instead of mere consultation). However, a separate procedure remains in place for the CFSP. [36] A truly new element is the ‘emergency exit procedure in the area of PJCCM.[37] European Council Is a newcomer in the list of formal EU institutions.[38] The President of the Council is elected for 2.5 years (renewable once) by the European Council on QMV.[39] The President chairs the European Council, ‘drive(s) forward and ensures the preparation and continuity of its work.[40] ‘At his level and in that capacity, s/he ensures the external representation of the Union on issues concerning its common foreign and security policy, without prejudice to the powers of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.[41] Commission Ensures the Unions external representation, ‘with the exception of the common foreign and security policy, and other cases provided for in the Treaties.[42] President is elected by European Parliament, and nominated by the European Council by QMV taking account of the result of parliamentary elections.[43] The number of Commissioners will be reduced to two-thirds of the number of Member States after 2014, unless the European Council decides otherwise.[44] The college includes the New High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR CFSP) as one of Commission Vice President (VP).[45] The HR CFSP/ VP of the Commission is double-hatted. It combines functions of current HR for CFSP and Commissioner for External Relations, though his/her exact portfolio remains to be clarified, both within the Commission and the Council, and in relation to the presidents of the Commission and the European Council, respectively.[46] HR is head of the new European External Action Servic e whose activities remain to be determined by a specific Council decision.[47] Parliaments: National Parliaments Become ‘guardians of the subsidiarity principle. It may force the Commission to reconsider a legislative proposal on the grounds of a breach of subsidiarity (‘yellow card).[48] The matter may end up being referred to the Council and Parliament (‘orange card), and may even lead to proceedings before the Court of Justice[49] Involved in the scrutiny of Europols activities and the evaluation of Eurojusts activities[50] European Parliament Expanded legislative powers thanks to the extension of the co-decision procedure and through enhanced influence in a renewed budgetary procedure.[51] It has a decisive role in electing the President of the European Commission and also installs the whole Commission, including the HR CFSP/ VP.[52] Its composition is 750 members maximum + 1 president. Revised distribution of seats which entails a degressive proportionality, minimum threshold of six MEPs per Member State, and maximum of ninety-six seats.[53] Exact distribution to be decided by the European Council[54] Accountability: Clarification of competences The Lisbon Treaty is much more explicit in attributing competences. Arts. 4(1) and 5 TEU state the fundamental principles relating to competences. In addition, it is stated (twice!) that competences not given to the EU remain with the Member States. The TFEU contains a special title on ‘Categories and areas of Union Competence.[55] This title mentions, and defines, different types of competences and it lists the (most) relevant areas. Like the present Treaties, the Lisbon Treaty does not provide a list of negative competences, i.e. of areas where EU law can never have any influence.[56] Simplification of the Unions instrument The main changes provided for in the Lisbon Treaty are on the one hand, the various legal instruments that are used in the present 2nd and 3rd pillars are abolished, while on the other hand, a distinction is made between legislative and non legislative acts.[57] The instruments are listed in Art. 288 TFEU ‘regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations and opinions were only the definition of ‘decision is amended. Citizen values: Citizens rights in elections The only change made to Art. 19 EC consists of the fact that the words ‘acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission are replaced by ‘acting unanimously in accordance with a special legislative procedure.[58] Citizens initiative The following picture emerges from a comparison between the current article 21 EC and its equivalent in the TEU and TFEU: Art. 21 EC: ‘Every citizen of the Union shall have the right to petition the European Parliament in accordance with Article 194. Every citizen of the Union may apply to the Ombudsman established in accordance with Article 195. Every citizen of the Union may write to any of the institutions or bodies referred to in this Article or in Article 7 in one of the languages mentioned in Article 314 and have an answer in the same language. Art. 11(4) TEU: ‘No less than one million citizens who are nationals of a significant number of Member States may take the initiative of inviting the European Commission, within the framework of its powers, to submit any appropriate proposal on matters where citizens consider that a legal act of the Union is required for the purpose of implementing the Treaties. Art. 24 TFEU: ‘The European Parliament and the Council, acting by means of regulations in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, shall adopt the provisions for the procedures and conditions required for a citizens initiative within the meaning of Article 11 of the Treaty on European Union, including the minimum number of Member States from which such citizens must come. Every citizen of the Union shall have the right to petition the European Parliament in accordance with Article 227 TFEU. Every citizen of the Union may apply to the Ombudsman established in accordance with Article 228 TFEU. Every citizen of the Union may write to any of the institutions, bodies, offices or agencies referred to in this Article or in Article 13 of the Treaty of European Union in one of the languages mentioned in Article 55(1) of the Treaty on European Union and have an answer in the same language. Transparency: A new Title II of the TEU concerns democratic principles.[59] It requires the EU institutions to give ‘citizens and representative associations the opportunity to make known and publicly exchange their views regarding ‘all areas of EU action.[60] It expressly requires an ‘open, transparent and regular dialogue with representative associations and civil society.[61]It requires also, among other things, that the Commission shall carry out consultations with parties in order to ensure that EU actions are ‘transparent.[62] As for the institutions, it requires the Council to ‘meet in public when it deliberates and votes on a draft legislative act, with no exceptions provided for.[63] Article 15 of the TFEU which replace Article 255 of the current EC Treaty, would deal in more detail with the issue of openness. First of all, all of the ‘institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the EU has to ‘conduct their work as openly as possible, ‘in order to promote good governance and ensure the participation of civil society.[64] The European Parliament has to meet in public, as well as the Council when considering and voting on legislative acts.[65] The rules concerning the adoption of legislation on access to documents will now apply to all EU institutions, bodies, offices and agencies, instead of just the Council, Commission and European Parliament.[66] The current article 286 EC Treaty which requires the European Parliament and the Council to adopt data protection legislation applying to the EU institutions within the scope of the ‘first pillar only applies now to the current ‘third pillar as well, along with the public authorities of M ember States.[67] However, the new Treaty Article does not apply to the adoption of legislation governing the private sector. The new Article 298 TFEU would provide first of all that EU ‘institutions, offices, bodies and agencies shall have the support of an open, efficient and independent European administration. Next, there is a new legal power to adopt regulations to that end. This could be a legal base to adopt rules on access to EU information as distinct from access to EU documents, and to adopt rules relating to other aspects of the EUs current ‘Transparency Initiative, including rules on the regulation of lobbyists and on consultations. Some of these issues are addressed in the European Ombudsmans proposed Code of Conduct on good administration, which has been approved in some form by some EU bodies and institutions already. Finally, the Treaty of Lisbon would specify that the EUs Charter of Rights will have the same legal value as the Treaties (Article 6 TEU). The Charter includes the right of access to documents, the right to good administration (which arguably encompasses the right to open administration, including access to information) and the right of data protection. This could possibly enhance the enforceability of those rights within the EU legal system. C-26/62 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (1963) ECR1. D. Chalmers et al., European Union Law: Text and Materials (Cambridge, 2006), 52 Obradovic, Daniela (1996) â€Å"Policy Legitimacy and the European Union†, Journal of Common Market Studies 34(2): 193 Obradovic, Daniela (1996) â€Å"Policy Legitimacy and the European Union†, Journal of Common Market Studies 34(2): 192-193 1951/52 Paris, 1957/58 Rome, 1986/87 SEA, 1992/93 Maastricht, 1997/99 Amsterdam, 2001/03 Nice, 2007/09 Lisbon D. Chalmers et al., European Union Law: Text and Materials (Cambridge, 2006), bekijk dit ff Obradovic, Daniela (1996) â€Å"Policy Legitimacy and the European Union†, Journal of Common Market Studies 34(2): 191-221 Een van de boeken dat uitlegd wat democratic deficit is (majone 14/15) European Commission (2001a) European Governance: a White Paper, COM (2001) 428 final Laeken Declaration (2001) â€Å"Laeken Declaration on the Future of the European Union†, 15 December 2001, SN 300/01 ADD1 ibid P 9 of accountability sharp sharp sharp sharp sharp expert agencies that are independent of direct political control where international features dominate (European Council, Council of Ministers, and the second and third ‘pillars of the TEU), P 605 Moravcik Article 16(3) TEU, Article 294 TFEU D. Chalmers and G. Monti, European Union Law: Updating Supplement (Cambridge University Press, 2008) 27. Article 16 TEU, Protocol No 36 on transitional provisions, Articles 3 and 4. Declaration No 7 on Article 48 TFEU. Article 48 TFEU. By Great Britain: European Union Committee, The Treaty of Lisbon: an impact assessment (10th report 2007-08 Volume 1: Report), 33. See above n. 31, p 6 Article 20 TEU referring to Articles 326-334 TFEU. Articles 82(3), 83(3), 86(1), 87(3) TFEU. Article 15 TEU, Articles 235 and 236 TFEU. Article 27(3) TEU. Article 15(6) TEU. ibid (Art. 17(1) TEU) Article 17(7) TEU, Declarations No 6 and 11. (Art 17(5) TEU, Declaration No 10) ibid Article 18 TEU, Declarations No 6 and 12 Article 27(3) TEU. Art. 12(b) TEU): Art. 8 of Protocol No 2 on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality. Articles 88(2) and 85(1) TFEU respectively. (Art. 314 TFEU); TEU; Declarations No 6 and 11 See above n. 31, p 28 14(2) TEU; Declaration No 4 (Arts. 2-6). TFEU Articles 288, 289 and 290 TFEU. Art. 22 TFEU See above 31, p6 Article 11(1)TEU Article 11(2) TEU Article 11(3) TEU Article 16(8) TEU Article 15(1) TFEU Article 15(2) TFEU, Article 16(8) TEU Article 15(3) TFEU Article 16 of the TFEU